Modes of Thinking

By Assistant Head of School for Academic Affairs Colleen O’Boyle
Lateral Thinking.

How often do we employ lateral thinking in our learning culture? How comfortable are we with problem-solving through the use of indirect and creative thinking, and the identification of a new and different solution? What can we as a community learn from various modes of thinking?

Let us start with an experiment at Harvard University in 1990, when Alan Dershowitz, professor of law, sat in on his colleague Stephen Gould’s class. You see, Gould is a professor of paleontology, and when Dershowitz attended his class, he quickly realized that he viewed problems differently than Gould, and perhaps this was a very good thing. Thus, Dershowitz mobilized to get himself and Gould in the same lecture hall together, but as we know, odds are better than evens, particularly when it comes to perspective and insights. They invited a third party, philosopher Robert Nozick.

While the genesis of the course happened by accident, it happened by inquiry and perspective, and it challenged the status quo by bringing multiple contrasting perspectives to light. It moved the discussion away from content to big ideas and understandings. Each professor saw things differently, whether by implicit bias, personal experience or a trained set of preferences due to their respective content and disciplines. A cross-section of students, many of whom were not enrolled, and fellow professors flocked to the hall to hear the three academics present their findings on a weekly basis. They gathered because the discourse challenged the audience to think differently.


To understand the beauty of the Dershowitz, Gould and Nozick experiment, it is important to understand three modes of thinking: lateral, divergent and convergent thought. And while we won’t unpack which preferred mode each professor employed, we will focus on the benefits of having a heterogeneous group of thinkers in a K-12 learning community.

The convergent thinker, a term coined by psychologist Joy Paul Guilford, is focused on one optimum answer—an answer that is cogent, well-established and offers a single clearly defined solution relatively free of creative thinking or open-ended questions.

The divergent thinker, coined by Guilford, is interested in the process or methods used to generate multiple ideas exploring varying solutions to a single “question.” It is a method that is nonlinear to its counterpart but greatly relies on the convergent thinker to help organize the ideas and inform trends or inferences.

The lateral thinker, an individual often misunderstood for a critical thinker, is someone who judges or challenges the truth. The lateral thinker judges the truth but moves from a known practice or truth and creates a new truth.

So if knowledge means an individual has a good understanding of content, and method speaks to how our disciplines build and test that knowledge, how can we cultivate a learning environment where students gain exposure to different modes of thinking, and tackle big questions that extend to bigger understandings?

Lifelong learning is a key topic of discussion at LJCDS, and as we engage in curricular reviews and continue to strengthen our learning model, we employ various modes of thinking.
 
Resources:
 
Boix Mansilla, v., & Gardner H. (1998). What are the qualities of understanding? In M.S. Wiske (Ed.), Teaching for understanding: Linking research with practice (pp.161-196). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
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